α-(Aminomethyl)acrylates as acceptors in radical–polar crossover 1,4-additions of dialkylzincs: insights into enolate formation and trapping

• Angel Palillero-Cisneros,
• Paola G. Gordillo-Guerra,
• Fernando García-Alvarez,
• Olivier Jackowski,
• Franck Ferreira,
• Fabrice Chemla,
• Joel L. Terán and
• Alejandro Perez-Luna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.103

• levels of chiral induction, paving the way to enantioenriched β2-amino acids and β2,2-amino acids. Keywords: β-amino acids; tandem reactions; radical–polar crossover; tert-butanesulfinamide; zinc radical transfer; Introduction Dialkylzinc reagents react in aerobic medium with a range of α,β-unsaturated

• view, the reported protocols are relevant as they offer a new, direct and modular route to enantioenriched α-mono- and α,α-disubstituted β-amino acids (β2-amino acids and β2,2-amino acids), with, for the latter, the noteworthy stereocontrolled construction of an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter

• . Furthermore, our protocol provides a complement to existing literature, as none of the previously reported methods to convert α-(aminomethyl)acrylates into enantioenriched β-amino acids is applicable for the preparation of β2,2-amino acids [27][28][29][30][31]. Experimental 1. Procedure for the monoallylation

Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies

• Mattia Lepori,
• Simon Schmid and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81

Efficient and regioselective synthesis of dihydroxy-substituted 2-aminocyclooctane-1-carboxylic acid and its bicyclic derivatives

• İlknur Polat,
• Selçuk Eşsiz,
• Uğur Bozkaya and
• Emine Salamci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 77–85, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.7

• -oxabicyclo[5.2.1]decan-10-yl)carbamate was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Keywords: aminocyclitol; azidolysis; bicyclic β-lactam; bicyclic lactone; cyclic β-amino acids; DFT; Introduction Cyclic β-amino acids have for the past few decades aroused widespread synthetic interest owing to their diverse

• biological activities, especially applications in the field of medicinal chemistry. β-Amino acids (i.e., amino acids containing an extra methylene group in the backbone) occur naturally in peptidic structures [1][2][3][4][5] and have been used in peptide design to obtain mixed peptides that retain their

• β-amino acid derivatives have antibiotic (oryzoxymycin) and antifungal activities (Figure 1) [12][13]. Among the cyclic β-amino acids, the most widely investigated derivatives are the five- and six-membered derivatives [8][9][10][14][15], but only a few synthetic methods are available for the

Visible-light-mediated copper photocatalysis for organic syntheses

• Yajing Zhang,
• Qian Wang,
• Zongsheng Yan,
• Donglai Ma and
• Yuguang Zheng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2520–2542, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.169

• quinolones 56, indolo[3,2-c]quinolines 57, β-amino acids 58, and 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives 59 were obtained through this route in moderate yields (Scheme 26). Besides nucleophiles, aromatic amines also reacted with redox-active radical precursors, such as NHPI [95] and N-alkoxyphthalimides 55 [96]. The

N-tert-Butanesulfinyl imines in the asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles

• Joseane A. Mendes,
• Paulo R. R. Costa,
• Miguel Yus,
• Francisco Foubelo and
• Camilla D. Buarque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1096–1140, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.86

• important tool in the asymmetric synthesis of aziridines [25][26], α-amino acids [27][28], β-amino acids [23][29] and branched α-amines [30][31]. The Darzens-type asymmetric synthesis of N-(p-toluenesulfinyl)aziridine 2-carboxylate esters (7 and 8) was described through the addition of lithium α

Coupling biocatalysis with high-energy flow reactions for the synthesis of carbamates and β-amino acid derivatives

• Alexander Leslie,
• Thomas S. Moody,
• Megan Smyth,
• Scott Wharry and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 379–384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.33

• innovative approach (85% yield, for details see [21]). To further exploit the value of this continuous flow approach the possibility of converting selected carbamate products into derivatives of β-amino acids (e.g., 8) was evaluated. Although this may be achieved by a conventional alkylation of the carbamate

• immobilized CALB enzyme is reported. This approach enabled the chemoselective derivatization of benzyl alcohol into the readily removable benzyl butyrate thus simplifying the final purification stages. The resulting Cbz-carbamates were furthermore elaborated into derivatives of β-amino acids via biphasic flow

Azidophosphonium salt-directed chemoselective synthesis of (E)/(Z)-cinnamyl-1H-triazoles and regiospecific access to bromomethylcoumarins from Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts

• Soundararajan Karthikeyan,
• Radha Krishnan Shobana,
• Kamarajapurathu Raju Subimol,
• J. Helen Ratna Monica and
• Ayyanoth Karthik Krishna Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1579–1587, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.130

• chemists. Accordingly, MBH adducts have been explored as strategic intermediates for the synthesis of interesting molecules, such as carbamates of unsaturated β-amino acids [1], β-phenylsylfenyl-α-cyanohydrocinnamaldhydes [2], 2-alkylcarbonyl-1-indanols [3], dihydropyrazoles [4], tetrahydroacridines [5], γ

N-(1-Phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylate esters in the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds

• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Aleksandra Trocha,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Dorota G. Piotrowska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1722–1757, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.168

• . The same methodology was applied in the preparation of (2S,3S)-148. β-Amino acids: (+)-Isoserine ((R)-152) was synthesized from the aziridine ester (2R,1'R)-5b in three simple steps (Scheme 39) [92]. Treatment of (2R,1'R)-5b with acetyl chloride led to N-acetylation with concomitant opening of the

Dirhodium(II)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-arylaminocyclopropane with alkyne derivatives

• Wentong Liu,
• Yi Kuang,
• Zhifan Wang,
• Jin Zhu and
• Yuanhua Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 542–550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.48

• Abstract Dirhodium(II) complex-catalyzed [3 + 2] reactions between N-arylaminocyclopropanes and alkyne derivatives are described. The cycloaddition products proved to be versatile synthetic intermediates. trans-Cyclic β-amino acids and derivatives thereof can be conveniently synthesized using this

• no cis product formed. After further removal of the para-methoxyphenyl (PMP) group using ammonium cerium nitrate (CAN), the cyclic β-amino acid ester 5b was obtained with a yield of 80%. Cyclic β-amino acids and derivatives have good bioactivity and are widely used as key synthetic intermediates in

• biomedical research [25][26][27][28][29]. Thus, based on this cycloaddition protocol, a convenient strategy can be established to synthesize trans-cyclic β-amino acids. The mechanism of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1a and 2a is similar to that previously reported [18] (Scheme 3). The distonic

Ring-opening metathesis of some strained bicyclic systems; stereocontrolled access to diolefinated saturated heterocycles with multiple stereogenic centers

• Zsanett Benke,
• Melinda Nonn,
• Márton Kardos,
• Santos Fustero and
• Loránd Kiss

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2698–2707, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.247

• structurally restricted cycloalkene β-amino acids or unsaturated bicyclic β-lactams, followed by cross-coupling metathesis (CM) of the newly created C–C double bonds (Scheme 1). Our current goal was to expand the study of the ROM protocol of functionalized strained ring systems to the investigation of

Fluorination of some highly functionalized cycloalkanes: chemoselectivity and substrate dependence

• Attila Márió Remete,
• Melinda Nonn,
• Santos Fustero,
• Matti Haukka,
• Ferenc Fülöp and
• Loránd Kiss

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2364–2371, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.233

• -amino ester stereo- and regioisomers, derived from unsaturated cyclic β-amino acids is described. The nucleophilic fluorinations involving hydroxy–fluorine exchange of some highly functionalized alicyclic diol derivatives have been carried out in view of selective fluorination, investigating substrate

• amino acids and their analogous derivatives have gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical chemistry as bioactive compounds. Some derivatives (e.g., peramivir, oseltamivir or laninamivir) are known as antiviral drugs [19][20][21][22], while other cyclopentane β-amino acids (e.g., icofungipen

• , cispentacin) are relevant antifungal agents [19]. Therefore we have selected some five and six-membered alicyclic dihydroxylated β-amino ester stereo- and regioisomers as model compounds [23][24][25][26], derived from cyclopentene or cyclohexene β-amino acids. These were used in order to evaluate their

Mechanochemical enzymatic resolution of N-benzylated-β³-amino esters

• Mario Pérez-Venegas,
• Gloria Reyes-Rangel,
• Adrián Neri,
• Jaime Escalante and
• Eusebio Juaristi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1728–1734, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.167

• resolution; mechanochemistry; Introduction β-Amino acids are rather interesting molecules that frequently exhibit exceptional biological properties [1][2][3]; for instance, some of them are efficient inhibitors of several enzymes [4][5]. Furthermore, β-amino acid residues can be used to protect peptides and

• proteins against the activity of proteolytic enzymes [6][7], or are precursors of numerous active compounds such as β-lactams [8][9]. Finally, β-amino acids are present in numerous natural products [10]. These properties have generated great interest in the development of synthetic methods for the

• preparation of β-amino acids, especially protocols leading to products with high enantiomeric excess (ee), which are required to test the pharmacological activity of each enantiomer [11][12][13]. In this regard, several methods for the asymmetric synthesis of β-amino acids have been documented [14][15][16][17

β-Amino functionalization of cinnamic Weinreb amides in ionic liquid

• Yi-Ning Wang,
• Guo-Xiang Sun and
• Gang Qi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2372–2377, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.231

• , but also in important building blocks widely used in the organic syntheses. They are especially used in the synthesis of β-amino acids [4][5], which are precursors for many biological and pharmacological active compounds, such as β-lactams [6] and β-peptides [7]. The most straightforward approach

Recent developments in copper-catalyzed radical alkylations of electron-rich π-systems

• Kirk W. Shimkin and
• Donald A. Watson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2278–2288, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.248

• threshold of this reaction is also highly notable in that β-nitrocarbonyls bearing contiguous quaternary carbons could be synthesized. Because of the ease of reduction of the nitro group, this cross-coupling procedure provides facile access to highly substituted β-amino acids (Scheme 7). Additions to

• α-bromocarbonyls. Synthesis of highly congested β-amino acids. Copper-catalyzed alkenylation reactions. Proposed mechanism of the copper-catalyzed alkenylation reaction. Scope of the copper-catalyzed alkenylation of tertiary electrophiles. Scope of the exo-methylene styrene synthesis. Phenol

Novel stereocontrolled syntheses of tashiromine and epitashiromine

• Loránd Kiss,
• Enikő Forró and
• Ferenc Fülöp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 596–603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.66

• stereocontrolled approach has been developed for the syntheses of tashiromine and epitashiromine alkaloids from cyclooctene β-amino acids. The synthetic concept is based on the azetidinone opening of a bicyclic β-lactam, followed by oxidative ring opening through ring C–C double bond and reductive ring-closure

• reactions of the cis- or trans-cyclooctene β-amino acids. Keywords: alkaloids; amino acids; ring closure; ring opening; stereocontrolled synthesis; Introduction Indolizidine alkaloids are an important class of naturally occurring compounds which have received considerable attention as a result of their

• 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and reduction [34] (Figure 3). (−)-Tashiromine has been accessed through the ring closure of difunctionalized acyclic chiral sulfonamide-based β-amino acids [35], the cyclization of pyrrole derivatives with a chiral side-chain [36], or the enantioselective arylation of

Diastereoselective and enantioselective conjugate addition reactions utilizing α,β-unsaturated amides and lactams

• Katherine M. Byrd

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 530–562, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.60

• -Michael additions: Aza-Michael additions have emerged as a powerful tool to form functionalized amines [226][227][228]. This reaction has been most commonly used to produce β-amino acids and their derivatives [229][230]. Not surprisingly, only a small amount of work in this area has utilized α,β

Stereoselective synthesis of perillaldehyde-based chiral β-amino acid derivatives through conjugate addition of lithium amides

• Zsolt Szakonyi,
• Reijo Sillanpää and
• Ferenc Fülöp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2738–2742, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.289

• in a ratio of 76:17:6:1. After separation of the diastereoisomers, the major product, cis isomer 7A, was quantitatively isomerized to the minor component, trans-amino ester 7D. All four isomers were transformed to the corresponding β-amino acids 10A–D, which are promising building blocks for the

• addition was observed. Amino ester 11 was obtained as a single product and transformed to the corresponding amino acids 10A and 10D in good yields on the gram scale. Keywords: asymmetric synthesis; β-amino acid; chiral; Michael addition; monoterpene; Introduction In the past decade, cyclic β-amino acids

• proved to be versatile building blocks both in pharmacological developments and asymmetric syntheses [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Alicyclic and bicyclic chiral β-amino acids have played a key role in the synthesis of β-peptide-type foldamers, where through the selection of an appropriate alicyclic or

Regioselective S_N2' Mitsunobu reaction of Morita–Baylis–Hillman alcohols: A facile and stereoselective synthesis of α-alkylidene-β-hydrazino acid derivatives

• Silong Xu,
• Jian Shang,
• Junjie Zhang and
• Yuhai Tang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 990–995, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.98

• acetates with azodicarboxylates in the presence of PPh3 (Mitsunobu reaction conditions), which gives an efficient access to α-alkylidene-β-hydrazino acid derivatives, an important precursor for many bioactive compounds [25][26][27][28][29][30] including β-amino acids [25] (Scheme 1, top). However, the

Molecular architecture with carbohydrate functionalized β-peptides adopting 3₁₄-helical conformation

• Nitin J. Pawar,
• Navdeep S. Sidhu,
• George M. Sheldrick,
• Dilip D. Dhavale and
• Ulf Diederichsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 948–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.93

• -peptide incorporation of sugar-β-amino acids are described providing the saccharide units as amino acid side chain. The respective sugar-β-amino acids are accessible by Michael addition of ammonia to sugar units derivatized as α,β-unsaturated esters. Three sugar units were incorporated in β-peptide

• oligomers varying the sugar (glucose, galactose, xylose) and sugar protecting groups. The influence of sugar units and the configuration of sugar-β-amino acids on β-peptide secondary structure were investigated by CD spectroscopy. Keywords: carbohydrate recognition; conformation; glycopeptide; β-peptide

• -peptides are especially of interest as peptidomimetic foldamers wherein the presence of β-amino acids rendered them to adopt a variety of conformational stable secondary structures, even with short peptide sequences [4][5][6]. Amongst them the 314-helix is the most significant helical secondary structure

Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics

• Gijs Koopmanschap,
• Eelco Ruijter and
• Romano V.A. Orru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 544–598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.50

• - [31], elastase- [32][33][34][35], and HIV-1 protease [36] and papain [37]. For the design of β-lactams, the Staudinger reaction involving a [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ketenes and imines is the most common method used [38]. However, Ugi reactions starting form β-amino acids are also described. In 2002

• , the group of Fülöp reported an efficient synthesis of bicyclic β-lactams from monocyclic β-amino acids via an Ugi four-center three-component reaction (U-4C-3R) [39]. Herein, the monocyclic β-amino acid acts as bifunctional moiety containing both an amino and carboxylic acid group. A variety of cyclic

• β-amino acids, in which the ring was varied, were combined with a variety of aldehydes and isocyanides in methanol to obtain the desired β-lactams. In Scheme 6, a plausible mechanism of this reaction is shown. The β-lactam ring herein is formed via a ring contraction of the seven-membered

Diastereoselectivity in the Staudinger reaction of pentafluorosulfanylaldimines and ketimines

• Alexander Penger,
• Cortney N. von Hahmann,
• Alexander S. Filatov and
• John T. Welch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2675–2680, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.303

• pentafluorosulfanyl β-amino acids and suggest a path to the preparation of more extensively functionalized SF5-containing β-lactams. The 1,2-lk stereochemistry of 7a as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Thermal ellipsoids are set at 50% probability. The stereochemistry of 7c, 1,2-lk,lk (Si, Si-S), as

A one-pot synthesis of 3-trifluoromethyl-2-isoxazolines from trifluoromethyl aldoxime

• Raoni S. B. Gonçalves,
• Michael Dos Santos,
• Guillaume Bernadat,
• Danièle Bonnet-Delpon and
• Benoit Crousse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2387–2394, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.275

• supply a variety of organic functionalities including γ-amino alcohols [12], β-amino acids [13], β-hydroxy ketones [14][15] and β-hydroxy nitriles [14][15]. Fluorinated compounds play a central role in different branches of chemistry [16]. The incorporation of a fluorine atom into bioactive molecules

New tridecapeptides of the theonellapeptolide family from the Indonesian sponge Theonella swinhoei

• Annamaria Sinisi,
• Barbara Calcinai,
• Carlo Cerrano,
• Henny A. Dien,
• Angela Zampella,
• Claudio D’Amore,
• Barbara Renga,
• Stefano Fiorucci and
• Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1643–1651, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.188

• the comparison of its spectroscopic data with those published in the literature [17]. Theonellapeptolides are tridecapeptide lactones characterized by the presence of aliphatic and non-polar amino acids including high ratio of D-amino acids, N-methyl amino acids, and β-amino acids. In particular, the

Efficient continuous-flow synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole-substituted β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid derivatives with gram-scale production

• Sándor B. Ötvös,
• Ádám Georgiádes,
• István M. Mándity,
• Lóránd Kiss and
• Ferenc Fülöp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1508–1516, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.172

• safe and straightforward way. The obtained 1,2,3-triazole-substituted β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylates can be regarded as interesting precursors for drugs with possible biological effects. Keywords: β-amino acids; click chemistry; continuous-flow; copper; flow chemistry; triazoles; Introduction In

• relatively short reaction time [18][19][20]. Recently, Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has become the basis of the so-called click chemistry concept due to its wide applicability and efficiency. Over the past twenty years, alicyclic β-amino acids have attracted great interest among

• bioactive agents with anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral or analgesic effects (Figure 2) [25][26]. The alicyclic β-amino acids are key intermediates for the synthesis of a series of pharmaceutically relevant products [27], such as amino esters, amino alcohols, azides and heterocycles. Moreover, they are

Efficient regio- and stereoselective access to novel fluorinated β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylates

• Loránd Kiss,
• Melinda Nonn,
• Reijo Sillanpää,
• Santos Fustero and
• Ferenc Fülöp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1164–1169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.130

• exhibit higher bioactivities than the nonfluorinated counterparts. The fluorinated α- or acyclic β-amino acids have acquired significance as antibacterial or antifungal agents, enzyme inhibitors or as antitumoral compounds. Introduction of a fluorinated amino acid into a peptide may generate specific

• appreciable in the case of peptide oligomers formed from conformationally restricted fluorinated amino acids. Although cyclic β-amino acids are of major interest in pharmaceutical chemistry and in peptide research [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59

• exchange. This protocol was applied to synthesize fluorinated β-aminocyclohexane scaffolds with the fluorine atom on either position 3 or 5 of the ring. Whereas the procedure is a convenient economical route to fluorinated cyclohexane or cyclohexene β-amino acids, it did not allow extension to the